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27个防水施工要点，看后加实操你就是防水专家！
防水工程按其构造做法分为结构自防水和柔性防水两大类 。结构防水，主要是依靠结构构件材料自身的密实性及其某些构造措施（坡度、埋设止水带等），使结构构件起到防水作用。
Waterproof engineering is divided into two major categories: structural self waterproof and flexible waterproof according to its construction practice. The structural waterproof mainly depends on the compactness of the structural member materials, and some structural measures (slope, embedded water stopping belt, etc.), so that the structural members play a waterproof role.
柔性防水，是在结构主体的迎水面或背水面以及接缝处，附加防水材料做成防水层，以起到防水作用，如卷材防水、涂料防水、刚性材料防水层防水等。
Flexible waterproof, is in the structure of the main water back to meet the water and joints made of waterproof material, additional waterproof layer, with waterproof function, such as waterproof membrane, waterproof coating, waterproof layer of waterproof rigid material.
1、地下防水工程的防水层，严禁在雨天、雪天和五级风及其以上时施工。
The waterproof layer 1, underground waterproof engineering, construction is prohibited in the rain and snow and winds of five and above.
雨天施工会使基层含水率增大，导致防水层粘结不牢；气温过低时铺贴卷材，易出现开卷时卷材发硬、脆裂，严重影响防水层质量；低温涂刷涂料，涂层易受冻且不成膜；五级风以上进行防水层施工操作，难以确保防水层质量和人身安全。
The rain will make the construction of the moisture content increases, resulting in waterproof layer bonding is not solid; low temperature paving material, easy uncoiling coil made of hard, brittle, seriously affecting the quality of waterproof layer; low temperature coating paint, coating and easy cold film; five more than the wind of the waterproof layer construction operation, it is difficult to ensure the waterproof layer quality and personal safety.
雨天施工会使基层含水率增大，导致防水层粘结不牢
Rainy construction will increase the moisture content of the base, resulting in waterproof layer bonding is not strong
气温过低时铺贴卷材，易出现开卷时卷材发硬、脆裂，严重影响防水层质量
When the temperature is too low, the placement of coiled material is easy to occur when the book is opened, the coil is hard and brittle, and the quality of the waterproof layer is seriously affected
2、防水混凝土的变形缝、施工缝、后浇带、穿墙管道、埋设件等设置和构造，均需符合设计要求，严禁有渗漏。
2, waterproof concrete deformation joints, construction joints, after pouring belt, through wall pipes, embedded parts and other settings and structures, all need to comply with the design requirements, is strictly prohibited leakage.
3、砼在浇筑地点的坍落度，每工作班至少检查两次。
3, concrete in the placement of the slump, every class at least two times inspection.
4、连续浇筑砼每500m3应留一组抗渗试件（一组为6个抗渗试件），且每项工程不得少于两组。采用预拌砼的抗渗试件，留置组数应视结构规模和要求而定。
4, continuous casting concrete, each 500m3 should leave a group of impervious specimens (a set of 6 impervious specimens), and each project may not be less than two groups. The impervious specimens of ready mixed concrete shall be determined according to the structure, scale and requirements.
5、水泥砂浆防水层表面应密实、平整，不得有裂纹、起砂、麻面等缺陷；阴阳角应做成园弧形。
5, waterproof layer of cement mortar should be dense, smooth surface, no crack, sand, pits and other defects; Yin and yang angle should make the arc.
6、防水砼结构的变形缝、施工缝、后浇带等细部构造，应采用止水带、遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条等高分子防水材料和接缝密封材料。
6, waterproof concrete structure deformation joints, construction joints, after pouring belt and other detailed structure, should use water stop belt, water swelling, rubber putty, water stop and other polymer waterproof material and joint sealing material.
7、变形缝构造图（一）
7. Structural drawing of deformation joint (1)
8、变形缝构造图（二）
8. Structural drawing of deformation joint (two)
9、变形缝构造图（三）
9. Structural drawing of deformation joint (three)
10、变形缝构造图（四）
10. Structural drawing of deformation joint (four)
11、变形缝构造要求
11, deformation seam structure requirements
1)、止水带宽度和材质的物理性能均应符合设计要求，且无裂缝和气泡；接头应采用热接，不得叠接，接缝平整、牢固，不得有裂口和脱胶现象；
1) the physical properties of the width and material of the water stopping belt shall comply with the design requirements, and there shall be no cracks or bubbles; the joints shall be thermally connected and shall not be spliced; the joints shall be smooth and firm, and shall not be split or degumming;
2)、中埋式止水带中心线应和变形缝中心线重合，止水带不得穿孔或用铁钉固定；
2) the central line of the buried water stop belt shall coincide with the central line of the deformation joint, and the water stopping belt shall not be perforated or fixed with iron nails;
3)、变形缝设置中埋式止水带时，砼浇筑前应校正止水带位置，表面清理干净，止水带损坏处应修补；顶、底板止水带的下侧砼应振捣密实，边墙止水外侧砼应均匀，保持止水带位置正确、平整无卷曲现象。
3), the set of joints of medium buried waterstop, concrete pouring should be corrected before the water stop position, clean the surface, sealing damage should be repaired; the top and the lower concrete bottom waterstop shall be vibrated dense, lateral sealing concrete side wall should be uniform, to maintain the correct position, the waterstop flat without curl the phenomenon of.
4)、水平施工缝浇筑砼前，应将其表面浮浆和杂物清除，铺水泥砂浆或涂刷砼界面处理剂并及时浇筑砼；
4) before pouring concrete into the horizontal construction joint, it should clear the surface of grout and sundries, lay cement mortar or brush concrete interface treatment agent, and pour concrete in time;
5)、垂直施工缝浇筑砼前，应将其表面清理干净，涂刷砼界面处理剂并及时浇筑砼；
5) the vertical construction joints should be cleaned before pouring concrete, brushing concrete interface treatment agent, and pouring concrete in time;
6)、施工缝采用遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条时，应将止水条牢固地安装在缝表面预留槽内；
6) when the construction joint uses the water expansion rubber putty, the water stop bar shall be firmly installed in the reserved groove of the joint surface;
12、墙体留置施工缝时，一般应留在受剪力或弯矩较小处，水平施工缝应高出底板300mm处；拱（板）墙结合的水平施工缝，宜留在拱（板）墙接缝线以下0~300mm处。
12, wall construction joints, the general should stay in the low shear or moment, should be higher than the bottom of 300mm horizontal construction joints; arch (board) level of construction wall joints, should stay arch (board) wall joint 0~300mm below.
施工缝处采用遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条时，一是应采取表面涂缓膨胀剂措施，防止由于降雨或施工用水等使止水条过早膨胀；二是应将止水条牢固地安装有缝表面预留槽内。
The construction joints of water swellable rubber waterproofing strip, one is coated on the surface of expansive agent should take measures to prevent the rain or water to water stop construction early expansion; two is the seal should be installed securely with the reserved groove surface.
水平施工缝应高出底板300mm处
The horizontal construction joint shall be 300mm higher than the bottom plate
13、防水后浇带施工
13 、 waterproof after pouring belt construction
1)、后浇带应在其两侧砼龄期达到42d后再施工;
1) the back pouring belt shall be constructed after the concrete age of both sides reaches 42d;
2)、后浇带应采用补偿收缩砼，其强度等级不得低于两侧砼；
2) the post cast belt shall be made of shrinkage compensating concrete, and its strength shall not be lower than that of both sides;
3)、后浇带砼养护时间不得少于28d。
3) and after pouring concrete maintenance time may not be less than 28d.
14、后浇带构造图（一）
14, after pouring belt construction diagram (1)
15、后浇带构造图（二）
15, after pouring belt construction drawing (two)
16、穿墙管道的防水施工
16 、 waterproof construction of through wall pipeline
1)、穿墙管止水环与主管或翼环与套管应连续满焊,并做好防腐处理；
1) the through wall pipe sealing ring and the main wing or the ring and the sleeve shall be welded continuously and be well protected against corrosion;
2)、穿墙管处防水层施工前，应将套管内表面清理干净；
2) the inner surface of the casing shall be cleaned before the construction of the waterproof layer through the pipe wall;
3)、套管内的管道安装完毕后，应在两管间嵌入内衬填料，端部用密封材料填缝。柔性穿墙时，穿墙内侧应用法兰压紧；
3) after installing the pipe in the casing, the lining shall be inserted between the two pipes, and the end shall be filled with sealing material. Flexible through the wall, through the wall inside the flange compression;
17、埋设件的防水施工
17 、 waterproof construction of embedded parts
1)、埋设件端部或预留孔（槽）底部的砼厚度不得小于200mm；当厚度小于250mm时，必须局部加厚或采取其他防水措施；
1) the concrete thickness at the bottom of the buried end or the reserved hole (trough) shall not be less than 200mm; when the thickness is less than 250mm, local thickening or other waterproof measures shall be taken;
2)、预留地坑、孔洞、沟槽内的防水层，应与孔（槽）外的结构防水层保持连续；
2), set aside the waterproof layer pit, holes, grooves, and holes (groove) structure waterproof layer to keep continuous;
3)、固定模板用的螺栓必须穿过砼结构时螺栓或套管应满焊止水环或翼环；采用工具式螺栓或螺栓加堵头做法，折模后应采用加强防水措施将留下的凹槽封堵密实。
3), the bolts used for fixing the formwork must pass through the concrete structure when the bolt or casing should be full welding sealing ring or ring wing; use tool type bolt or bolt with plug, used to strengthen waterproof measures will leave the mold after compacting groove should be plugging.
埋设件端部或预留孔（槽）底部的砼厚度不得小于200mm
The concrete thickness at the bottom of the buried part or the reserved hole (trough) shall not be less than 200mm
固定模板用的螺栓必须穿过砼结构时螺栓或套管应满焊止水环或翼环
The bolts used for the formwork must pass through the concrete structure, and the bolts or bushings shall be full of welded water stop rings or wing rings
18、地下室顶板在室外地坪之下
18. The basement roof is under the outdoor floor
卷材防水搭接宽度
Waterproof lap width of coiled material
基层阴阳角应做成圆弧或45°坡角，其尺寸应根据卷材品种确定；在转角处、变形缝、施工缝，穿墙管等部位应铺贴卷材加强层，加强层宽度宜为300mm
The basic angle of yin and Yang should be made of arc or 45 degree slope angle, and its size should be determined according to the variety of coil. At the corner, deformation joint, construction joint, wall pipe and so on, the membrane reinforcement layer should be laid, and the width of strengthening layer should be 300mm
Waterproof engineering is divided into two major categories: structural self waterproof and flexible waterproof according to its construction practice. The structural waterproof mainly depends on the compactness of the structural member materials, and some structural measures (slope, embedded water stopping belt, etc.), so that the structural members play a waterproof role.
柔性防水，是在结构主体的迎水面或背水面以及接缝处，附加防水材料做成防水层，以起到防水作用，如卷材防水、涂料防水、刚性材料防水层防水等。
Flexible waterproof, is in the structure of the main water back to meet the water and joints made of waterproof material, additional waterproof layer, with waterproof function, such as waterproof membrane, waterproof coating, waterproof layer of waterproof rigid material.
1、地下防水工程的防水层，严禁在雨天、雪天和五级风及其以上时施工。
The waterproof layer 1, underground waterproof engineering, construction is prohibited in the rain and snow and winds of five and above.
雨天施工会使基层含水率增大，导致防水层粘结不牢；气温过低时铺贴卷材，易出现开卷时卷材发硬、脆裂，严重影响防水层质量；低温涂刷涂料，涂层易受冻且不成膜；五级风以上进行防水层施工操作，难以确保防水层质量和人身安全。
The rain will make the construction of the moisture content increases, resulting in waterproof layer bonding is not solid; low temperature paving material, easy uncoiling coil made of hard, brittle, seriously affecting the quality of waterproof layer; low temperature coating paint, coating and easy cold film; five more than the wind of the waterproof layer construction operation, it is difficult to ensure the waterproof layer quality and personal safety.
雨天施工会使基层含水率增大，导致防水层粘结不牢
Rainy construction will increase the moisture content of the base, resulting in waterproof layer bonding is not strong
气温过低时铺贴卷材，易出现开卷时卷材发硬、脆裂，严重影响防水层质量
When the temperature is too low, the placement of coiled material is easy to occur when the book is opened, the coil is hard and brittle, and the quality of the waterproof layer is seriously affected
2、防水混凝土的变形缝、施工缝、后浇带、穿墙管道、埋设件等设置和构造，均需符合设计要求，严禁有渗漏。
2, waterproof concrete deformation joints, construction joints, after pouring belt, through wall pipes, embedded parts and other settings and structures, all need to comply with the design requirements, is strictly prohibited leakage.
3、砼在浇筑地点的坍落度，每工作班至少检查两次。
3, concrete in the placement of the slump, every class at least two times inspection.
4、连续浇筑砼每500m3应留一组抗渗试件（一组为6个抗渗试件），且每项工程不得少于两组。采用预拌砼的抗渗试件，留置组数应视结构规模和要求而定。
4, continuous casting concrete, each 500m3 should leave a group of impervious specimens (a set of 6 impervious specimens), and each project may not be less than two groups. The impervious specimens of ready mixed concrete shall be determined according to the structure, scale and requirements.
5、水泥砂浆防水层表面应密实、平整，不得有裂纹、起砂、麻面等缺陷；阴阳角应做成园弧形。
5, waterproof layer of cement mortar should be dense, smooth surface, no crack, sand, pits and other defects; Yin and yang angle should make the arc.
6、防水砼结构的变形缝、施工缝、后浇带等细部构造，应采用止水带、遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条等高分子防水材料和接缝密封材料。
6, waterproof concrete structure deformation joints, construction joints, after pouring belt and other detailed structure, should use water stop belt, water swelling, rubber putty, water stop and other polymer waterproof material and joint sealing material.
7、变形缝构造图（一）
7. Structural drawing of deformation joint (1)
8、变形缝构造图（二）
8. Structural drawing of deformation joint (two)
9、变形缝构造图（三）
9. Structural drawing of deformation joint (three)
10、变形缝构造图（四）
10. Structural drawing of deformation joint (four)
11、变形缝构造要求
11, deformation seam structure requirements
1)、止水带宽度和材质的物理性能均应符合设计要求，且无裂缝和气泡；接头应采用热接，不得叠接，接缝平整、牢固，不得有裂口和脱胶现象；
1) the physical properties of the width and material of the water stopping belt shall comply with the design requirements, and there shall be no cracks or bubbles; the joints shall be thermally connected and shall not be spliced; the joints shall be smooth and firm, and shall not be split or degumming;
2)、中埋式止水带中心线应和变形缝中心线重合，止水带不得穿孔或用铁钉固定；
2) the central line of the buried water stop belt shall coincide with the central line of the deformation joint, and the water stopping belt shall not be perforated or fixed with iron nails;
3)、变形缝设置中埋式止水带时，砼浇筑前应校正止水带位置，表面清理干净，止水带损坏处应修补；顶、底板止水带的下侧砼应振捣密实，边墙止水外侧砼应均匀，保持止水带位置正确、平整无卷曲现象。
3), the set of joints of medium buried waterstop, concrete pouring should be corrected before the water stop position, clean the surface, sealing damage should be repaired; the top and the lower concrete bottom waterstop shall be vibrated dense, lateral sealing concrete side wall should be uniform, to maintain the correct position, the waterstop flat without curl the phenomenon of.
4)、水平施工缝浇筑砼前，应将其表面浮浆和杂物清除，铺水泥砂浆或涂刷砼界面处理剂并及时浇筑砼；
4) before pouring concrete into the horizontal construction joint, it should clear the surface of grout and sundries, lay cement mortar or brush concrete interface treatment agent, and pour concrete in time;
5)、垂直施工缝浇筑砼前，应将其表面清理干净，涂刷砼界面处理剂并及时浇筑砼；
5) the vertical construction joints should be cleaned before pouring concrete, brushing concrete interface treatment agent, and pouring concrete in time;
6)、施工缝采用遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条时，应将止水条牢固地安装在缝表面预留槽内；
6) when the construction joint uses the water expansion rubber putty, the water stop bar shall be firmly installed in the reserved groove of the joint surface;
12、墙体留置施工缝时，一般应留在受剪力或弯矩较小处，水平施工缝应高出底板300mm处；拱（板）墙结合的水平施工缝，宜留在拱（板）墙接缝线以下0~300mm处。
12, wall construction joints, the general should stay in the low shear or moment, should be higher than the bottom of 300mm horizontal construction joints; arch (board) level of construction wall joints, should stay arch (board) wall joint 0~300mm below.
施工缝处采用遇水膨胀橡胶腻子止水条时，一是应采取表面涂缓膨胀剂措施，防止由于降雨或施工用水等使止水条过早膨胀；二是应将止水条牢固地安装有缝表面预留槽内。
The construction joints of water swellable rubber waterproofing strip, one is coated on the surface of expansive agent should take measures to prevent the rain or water to water stop construction early expansion; two is the seal should be installed securely with the reserved groove surface.
水平施工缝应高出底板300mm处
The horizontal construction joint shall be 300mm higher than the bottom plate
13、防水后浇带施工
13 、 waterproof after pouring belt construction
1)、后浇带应在其两侧砼龄期达到42d后再施工;
1) the back pouring belt shall be constructed after the concrete age of both sides reaches 42d;
2)、后浇带应采用补偿收缩砼，其强度等级不得低于两侧砼；
2) the post cast belt shall be made of shrinkage compensating concrete, and its strength shall not be lower than that of both sides;
3)、后浇带砼养护时间不得少于28d。
3) and after pouring concrete maintenance time may not be less than 28d.
14、后浇带构造图（一）
14, after pouring belt construction diagram (1)
15、后浇带构造图（二）
15, after pouring belt construction drawing (two)
16、穿墙管道的防水施工
16 、 waterproof construction of through wall pipeline
1)、穿墙管止水环与主管或翼环与套管应连续满焊,并做好防腐处理；
1) the through wall pipe sealing ring and the main wing or the ring and the sleeve shall be welded continuously and be well protected against corrosion;
2)、穿墙管处防水层施工前，应将套管内表面清理干净；
2) the inner surface of the casing shall be cleaned before the construction of the waterproof layer through the pipe wall;
3)、套管内的管道安装完毕后，应在两管间嵌入内衬填料，端部用密封材料填缝。柔性穿墙时，穿墙内侧应用法兰压紧；
3) after installing the pipe in the casing, the lining shall be inserted between the two pipes, and the end shall be filled with sealing material. Flexible through the wall, through the wall inside the flange compression;
17、埋设件的防水施工
17 、 waterproof construction of embedded parts
1)、埋设件端部或预留孔（槽）底部的砼厚度不得小于200mm；当厚度小于250mm时，必须局部加厚或采取其他防水措施；
1) the concrete thickness at the bottom of the buried end or the reserved hole (trough) shall not be less than 200mm; when the thickness is less than 250mm, local thickening or other waterproof measures shall be taken;
2)、预留地坑、孔洞、沟槽内的防水层，应与孔（槽）外的结构防水层保持连续；
2), set aside the waterproof layer pit, holes, grooves, and holes (groove) structure waterproof layer to keep continuous;
3)、固定模板用的螺栓必须穿过砼结构时螺栓或套管应满焊止水环或翼环；采用工具式螺栓或螺栓加堵头做法，折模后应采用加强防水措施将留下的凹槽封堵密实。
3), the bolts used for fixing the formwork must pass through the concrete structure when the bolt or casing should be full welding sealing ring or ring wing; use tool type bolt or bolt with plug, used to strengthen waterproof measures will leave the mold after compacting groove should be plugging.
埋设件端部或预留孔（槽）底部的砼厚度不得小于200mm
The concrete thickness at the bottom of the buried part or the reserved hole (trough) shall not be less than 200mm
固定模板用的螺栓必须穿过砼结构时螺栓或套管应满焊止水环或翼环
The bolts used for the formwork must pass through the concrete structure, and the bolts or bushings shall be full of welded water stop rings or wing rings
18、地下室顶板在室外地坪之下
18. The basement roof is under the outdoor floor
卷材防水搭接宽度
Waterproof lap width of coiled material
基层阴阳角应做成圆弧或45°坡角，其尺寸应根据卷材品种确定；在转角处、变形缝、施工缝，穿墙管等部位应铺贴卷材加强层，加强层宽度宜为300mm
The basic angle of yin and Yang should be made of arc or 45 degree slope angle, and its size should be determined according to the variety of coil. At the corner, deformation joint, construction joint, wall pipe and so on, the membrane reinforcement layer should be laid, and the width of strengthening layer should be 300mm
