国外建筑防水材料和防水施工技术

Waterproofing materials and waterproof construction technology in foreign buildings

随着我国建筑业的发展，防水材料与防水施工技术也相继发展，材料标准和施工规程规范的修制定工作也越来越规范。因此，与国外同行的技术交流也日益增多，国外的先进技术和经验，频频为我国防水行业所应用。

With the development of China's construction industry, waterproofing materials and waterproof construction technology have also developed, and the standard of materials and regulations of construction regulations are becoming more and more standardized. Therefore, technical exchanges with foreign counterparts are also increasing. Foreign advanced technology and experience are frequently applied to China's waterproofing industry.

一、日本的防水工程设计与施工

The design and construction of waterproof engineering in Japan

中国建筑方案设计与施工图设计均由业主委托专业设计院所设计，在施工图完成后进行招投标，其中防水材料的选用、防水构造的设计均在设计图中明确。而日本工程招投标实行国际惯例，以设计事务所设计的方案作为招投标基本文件。方案图中，设计师对需要防水的部位提出了防水要求，但没有具体构造及选材。施工图是在投标人中标后，由总承包商根据业主招标方案进行设计，确定具体材料的选用及构造。施工图设计过程中，专项工艺由总承包商进行二次招投标，以完成工程实施详图，确定专项工艺的技术、材料及构造，其中防水工程就是通过二次招标过程来确定的。这样的防水设计具有很强的针对和设计施工的同一性。

The design and the design of the construction plan of China are all designed by the owner of the professional design institute. After the construction drawing is completed, the selection of waterproof material and the design of waterproof structure are all clear in the design drawing. In Japan, the international practice of engineering bidding is based on the design of the firm's design as the basic document of bidding. In the plan, the designer puts forward the waterproof requirements for the waterproof parts, but there is no specific structure and material selection. The construction drawing is designed by the general contractor according to the tendering scheme of the tenderer after the winning bidder wins the bid, and the selection and construction of the specific materials are determined. In the course of the design of the construction drawings, the special process is carried out by the general contractor for two times, in order to complete the detailed drawings and to determine the technology, material and structure of the special process, of which the waterproof project is determined through the two bidding process. Such waterproof design has a strong identity for design and construction.

1、日本的防水工程造价和结算

1, the cost and settlement of the waterproof project in Japan

总包招标时，以总造价的10%左右预计防水工程造价，包括建筑物的屋面、地下、卫生间防水等。总包方在施工图设计阶段对防水工程招标时，从技术上由总包方提出要求，投标人根据各自技术特点提供方案，造价上总包方以投标时的10%总造价作为控制依据。由于业主的监督和总包方对工程质量的责任心，通常防水造价能够控制在10%左右，不会有大幅度的下降。防水施工企业与总承包商签订承包协议后，严格按照合同施工及根据合同约定支付工程款。不存在催讨工程款问题。

When the total package is tendering, the cost of waterproofing projects will be estimated at around 10% of the total cost, including roofing, underground, toilet water proofing, etc. In the design phase of the construction plan, the general contractor puts forward the requirements of the contractor when the project is tender for the waterproof project. The bidder provides the scheme according to the technical characteristics of the contractor. The total cost of the contractor is based on the 10% total cost of the tender. Due to the supervision of the owner and the responsibility of the contractor to the quality of the project, the water proofing cost can usually be controlled at around 10%, and there will not be a significant decrease. After signing the agreement with the general contractor, the waterproof construction enterprise shall pay the project according to the contract construction and the contract according to the contract. There is no problem for the payment of the project.

2、日本的防水工程保证、保修期

2. Japan's waterproof engineering guarantee and warranty period

日本没有防水工程保证期这么一说，也没有对防水工程规定保修年限。日本企业很注重信誉，对待工程都是精益求精，各工种严格按照设计及工艺要求认真施工，通常不会出现渗漏现象。但由于防水质量的保证涉及多方面因素，责任很难确定。一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行修补，费用由总承包商承担，因此不存在保修金问题。

Japan does not have waterproof engineering guarantee period, and there is no warranty period for waterproofing works. The Japanese enterprises pay great attention to the reputation, and the construction of the project is the best, and the work is strictly in accordance with the design and technological requirements. However, due to the guarantee of waterproof quality involves many factors, it is difficult to determine the responsibility. Once the leakage occurs, it is repaired by the waterproof construction enterprise and the cost is borne by the general contractor, so there is no warranty problem.

在日本还有一种情况就是总承包商或业主要求对防水质量进行合同保证，那么防水工程企业在施工报价时，增加20%-30%的风险金，保修期为3-5年，一旦出现渗漏，由防水施工企业进行免费修补。

In Japan, there is another situation in which the contractor or the owner demands a contract guarantee for the quality of waterproof. Then, the waterproof engineering enterprise increases the risk of 20%-30% during the construction quotation. The warranty period is 3-5 years, and the waterproof construction enterprise can repair it free of charge once the leakage occurs.

3、日本的防水施工企业资质要求

3. The qualification requirements for the waterproof construction enterprises in Japan

日本对防水施工企业没有资质要求。防水工程企业作为普通企业进行注册营业，由国土交通省颁发许可证。信誉是一个企业的生命，为了承接到更多的工程，防水工程企业必须有一个很好的社会信誉如果完工的防水工程经常渗漏，需要返工，那么这个施工企业的生存就存在问题了。以后在社会上就接不到工程了。

Japan has no qualification for waterproof construction enterprises. As a general enterprise, the waterproofing enterprise is registered and licensed by the Ministry of land and communications. Reputation is the life of an enterprise. In order to carry on more projects, waterproofing engineering enterprises must have a good social reputation. If the completed waterproofing works often leak and need rework, the survival of this construction enterprise has a problem. In the future, there will be no engineering in the society.

为了使企业能承接复杂和重要的防水工程，企业必须配有高等级的注册建筑师和工程师等技术人员，有专门的设计部门进行防水工程设计，操作工人也是相对固定的。一切配备都是由企业自己决定。

In order to enable enterprises to undertake complex and important waterproofing projects, enterprises must be equipped with high grade registered architects and engineers, and have special design departments to carry out the design of waterproof engineering, and the operating workers are relatively fixed. All the equipment is decided by the enterprise itself.

二、（BUR）沥青屋面系统

Two, (BUR) asphalt roofing system

沥青屋面系统在欧美和日本，仍具有竞争力。主要是，一个维护良好的热施工叠层屋面系统，可以使用20年或更长。另外，在严酷的气候条件下，BUR系统总的质量要比单层屋面系统大得多，因而BUR系统抗风揭性好，不易被风吹起、不易被物体刺破同时，BUR系统中层与层之间通过液体沥青结合在一起，形成一个整体，在完工的屋面中，实际上不存在任何接缝，也就消除了接缝这一薄弱环节。

Asphalt roofing system is still competitive in Europe, America and Japan. The main reason is that a well maintained thermal construction laminated roof system can be used for 20 years or longer. In addition, under the harsh climate conditions, the total quality of the BUR system is much larger than that of the single layer roof system. Therefore, the BUR system has a good wind resistance and is not easy to be blown up by the wind and can not easily be pierced by the object. The layer and layer of the BUR system are combined with the liquid asphalt to form a whole in the completed roof, in fact, in the completed roof, in fact Without any seams, the joint is eliminated.

此外，当沥青直接涂在结构混凝土屋面板上或涂在保温屋面板上时，可认为整个屋面是一个全粘系统，而这种全粘系统的一大好处，是能分布建筑物受到的应力(如风荷载、振动和弯曲)。热沥青施工，采用现代的设备控制沥青温度、粘度以及烟气的排放，既能保护环境，又能提高施工质量。

In addition, when the asphalt is directly applied to the structural concrete roof panel or on the insulation roof panel, the whole roof is considered to be a fully viscous system, and the great advantage of the full stick system is to distribute the stress (such as wind load, vibration and bending) of the building. Hot asphalt construction, using modern equipment to control asphalt temperature, viscosity and flue gas emissions, can not only protect the environment, but also improve the quality of construction.

三、匈牙利的防水工程

Three. Hungarian waterproofing works

匈牙利防水技术人员享承欧洲人的严谨作风，注重细节，训练有素，工法熟练，结合不同部位，运用多种材料构成系统防水，值得学习和借鉴。

Hungarian waterproof technical personnel enjoy the rigorous style of Europeans, pay attention to detail, well trained, skilled in engineering, combine different parts, use a variety of materials to form the system waterproof, worthy of study and reference.

1、屋面防水

1. Roofing waterproof

选用PVC卷材，分为暴露型和非暴露型。全部采用机械固定，接缝采用热风焊接施工工艺。施工技术非常讲究，所有阴阳角、女儿墙、落水孔、排气管等部位，都做附加层上下层卷材搭接，卷材的直角都剪成圆角所有接缝处全部用密封胶封边非上人屋面部分的维修道和避雷线支撑点下面都用双层增强做法，避免磨损造成渗漏。

PVC coil is chosen to be exposed and non exposed. All of them are mechanically fixed and the joints are welded by hot air welding. The construction technology is very particular. All the parts of the Yin and Yang, the parapet, the water hole, the exhaust pipe and other parts, all do the lap of the attached layer and lower layer, and the right angle of the rolling material is cut into the corner of all the sealants with the sealant sealing the non upper part of the roof and the lower face of the lightning protection line. Cause leakage.

2、天台的种植屋面的构造

2, the structure of the roofing roof of Tiantai

其构造层次

Its structural level