防水材料选择应仔细斟酌

The selection of waterproof materials should be carefully considered.

不同的建筑部位，对防水材料的要求也不尽相同。每种材料都有各自的长处和短处，一种材料不能包打天下，用在什么地方都好的“万能”材料是没有的，每种材料都有各自的用武之地。比如屋面防水和地下室防水，要求材性不同；浴间的防水和墙面防水更有差别；坡屋面、外形复杂的屋面、金属板基层屋面防水要求也不相同，选材时均当细酌。

Different building sites have different requirements for waterproofing materials. Each material has its own strengths and weaknesses, a material can not be packaged in the world, where good "omnipotent" material is not available, each material has its own use. For example, roof waterproofing and basement waterproofing, material requirements are different; bathroom waterproofing and wall waterproofing are more different; sloping roof, complex shape of the roof, metal plate base roof waterproofing requirements are different, when selecting materials should be carefully considered.

建筑部位选材

Selection of building site

屋面防水层

Roof waterproof layer

屋面防水层暴露在大自然中，受到炎热日光的暴晒，狂风的吹袭，雨雪的侵蚀，也因昼夜温差的变化胀缩反复，防水材料没有优良的材性和良好的保护措施，难以达到要求的耐久年限。所以应选择抗拉强度高、延伸率大、耐老化好的防水材料。如聚酯胎高聚物改性沥青卷材、单组份聚氨酯涂料（加保护层）。

Roof waterproof layer is exposed to nature, exposed to hot sunlight, wind blowing, rain and snow erosion, but also due to the day and night temperature difference changes repeatedly swelling shrinkage, waterproof material without good timber and good protection measures, it is difficult to meet the requirements of durability. Therefore, we should choose waterproof materials with high tensile strength, high elongation and good aging resistance. Such as polyester tire modified bitumen coil, single component polyurethane coating (plus protective coating).

墙体防水

Wall waterproof

墙体为什么渗漏？皆因现在墙体太薄，多为轻型砌块砌筑，大量内外通缝，再是门窗樘与墙的结合处，密封不严，雨水由缝中渗入。墙体防水不能用卷材，只能用涂料，而且和外装修材料结合，起到更好的防水效果。

Why do the walls leak? Because the wall is too thin now, mostly light-weight block masonry, a large number of internal and external joints, and then the door and window diaphragm and wall junction, not tightly sealed, rain infiltration from the crack. Waterproof wall can not use rolls, can only use paint, and external decoration materials combined to play a better waterproof effect.

地下建筑防水

Underground building waterproof

地下防水层长年浸泡在水中或十分潮湿的土壤中，防水材料必须耐水性好。不能用易腐烂的胎体制成的卷材，底板防水层应用厚质的，并且有一定抵抗扎刺能力的防水材料，叠层最好6mm~8mm厚。如果选用合成高分子卷材，最宜热焊合接缝。使用胶粘剂合缝者，其胶应耐水性优良，否则再好的卷材也不能选用。使用防水涂料应慎重。单独使用厚度应达2.5mm，与卷材复合使用厚度也要达到2mm。

The underground waterproof layer is immersed in water or very humid soil for a long time. Waterproof materials must be water-resistant. Can not be made of perishable tire rolls, the bottom waterproof layer should be thick, and have a certain resistance to pricking waterproof materials, laminated preferably 6 mm ~ 8 mm thick. If the synthetic polymer membrane is chosen, it is best to weld the joints with heat. If the adhesive is used to sew, the adhesive should be excellent in water resistance, otherwise the best coil can not be selected. Use waterproof paint should be careful. The thickness of individual use should reach 2.5mm, and the thickness of composite material should reach 2mm.

厕浴间

Toilet room

厕浴间的防水有三个特点。一是不受大自然气候的影响，温度变化不大，对材料的延伸率要求不高;二是面积小，阴阳角多，穿楼板管道多;三是墙面防水层上贴瓷砖，与粘结剂亲和性能好。根据以上三个特点，不能选用卷材，只有涂料最合适，涂料中又以水泥基丙烯酸酯涂料为最合适，能在上面牢固的粘贴瓷砖。

There are three characteristics of waterproof in bathroom. One is not affected by the natural climate, the temperature changes little, the elongation of the material requirements are not high; the second is small, Yin and Yang angle, through the floor pipe more; the third is the waterproof layer on the wall with ceramic tile, good affinity with binder. According to the above three characteristics, can not choose coil material, only the most appropriate paint, paint and cement-based acrylic coating for the most appropriate, can be firmly pasted on the tile.

垃圾掩埋场

landfill

垃圾掩埋场、湖塘沟渠种植屋面的防水选材，以聚乙烯土工膜为最好，幅宽5m以上，焊结合缝，耐穿刺性好。

Polyethylene geomembrane is the best waterproof material for planting roof of garbage landfills and lakes and ditches. Its width is more than 5 m. The welded joint has good resistance to puncture.

立交桥防水

Waterproof of overpass

城市建设中立交桥工程越来越多，钢筋混凝土梁板必须防水，才能延长使用寿命。因在防水层上铺高温沥青混凝土路面，所以防水层应耐110℃的高温。选用APP改性沥青卷材。

As more and more interchanges are built in cities, reinforced concrete beams and slabs must be waterproof to prolong their service life. Because of the high temperature asphalt concrete pavement on the waterproof layer, the waterproof layer should withstand the high temperature of 110 degrees Celsius. APP modified asphalt membrane was selected.

洞库防水

Waterproofing of caverns

洞库防水技术复杂，有岩石洞和黄土洞。在岩石洞中离壁式衬砌和贴壁式衬砌两种。岩石洞庭湖贴壁式衬砌，喷射混凝土后，在其表面抹水泥砂浆找平层，再贴高聚物改性沥青卷材或者贴聚乙烯土工膜，也可用聚氯乙烯防水卷材。岩石洞离壁式衬砌，在喷射混凝土表面喷射防水涂料、聚氨酯涂料或氯丁胶乳沥青涂料。黄土洞多为砌块衬砌，作内防水。在水泥砂浆表面抹聚合物防水砂浆或涂刷丙烯酸酯涂料。

The waterproof technology of the cavern is complicated, with rock holes and loess holes. In rock cave, there are two kinds of lining: wall lining and wall lining. Rock Dongting Lake wall-affixed lining, shotcrete, in its surface plaster cement mortar leveling layer, and then paste polymer modified asphalt coil or polyethylene geomembrane, also can be used PVC waterproof coil. Rock cavity off-wall lining, spraying waterproof coating, polyurethane coating or neoprene latex asphalt coating on the surface of shotcrete. The Loess cavities are mostly block lining, for internal waterproofing. Apply polymer waterproofing mortar or brushing acrylic paint on the surface of cement mortar.

建筑功能要求选材

Selection of building function requirements

屋面作园林绿化，美化城区环境。防水层上覆盖种植土种植花木。植物根系穿刺力很强，防水层除了耐腐蚀耐浸泡之外，还要具备抗穿刺能力,应选用耐根穿刺防水卷材。

Roofing landscaping, beautify the urban environment. The waterproofing layer is covered with planting soil for planting flowers and trees. Plant root puncture force is very strong, waterproof layer in addition to corrosion resistance and resistance to immersion, but also have the ability to puncture, should choose root puncture waterproof membrane.

屋面作娱乐活动和工业场地，如舞场、小球类运动场、茶社、晾晒场、观光台等，防水层上应铺设块材保护层。防水材料不必满粘。对卷材的延伸率要求不高，多种涂料都能用，也可做刚柔结合的复合防水。

Roofing for entertainment and industrial venues, such as dancing ground, ball games ground, tea club, sun drying ground, sightseeing platform, waterproof layer should be paved with block protective layer. Waterproof materials need not be sticky. The requirements for the elongation of rolled materials are not high, and various coatings can be used.

倒置式屋面是保温层在上、防水层在下的种作法。保温层保护防水层不受阳光照射，也免于暴雨狂风的袭击和严冬酷暑折磨。选用的防水材料很宽，但是施工特别要精心细致，确保耐用年限内不漏。如果发生渗漏，修渗堵漏很困难，往往需要翻掉保温层和镇压层，造成困难和浪费。

The inverted roof is a kind of method that the insulation layer is on the top and the waterproof layer is under. The insulation layer protects the waterproof layer from sunlight, and is free from the storm and the severe heat of winter. The waterproof material used is very wide, but the construction must be meticulous and meticulous to ensure that there is no leakage in the service life. If leakage occurs, it is very difficult to repair the leakage, often need to turn over the insulation layer and the pressure layer, resulting in difficulties and waste.

蓄水层面很像水池，只是水浅，一般不超过25mm。防水层长年浸泡在水里，要求防水材料耐水性好。可选用聚氨酯涂料。

The water storage level is very similar to the pool, only shallow water, generally not more than 25mm. The waterproof layer is immersed in the water for many years, which requires waterproof materials to have good water resistance. Polyurethane paint is available.

工程条件要求选材

Selection of engineering conditions

建筑等级是选择材料的首要条件，一、二级建筑必须选用优质防水材料，如聚酯胎高聚物改性沥青卷材、合成高分子卷材、复合使用的合成高分子涂料。

Building grade is the first condition to choose materials. The first and second grade buildings must choose high quality waterproof materials, such as polyester matrix polymer modified asphalt coil, synthetic polymer coil, composite polymer coating.

坡屋面用瓦。粘土瓦、沥青油毡瓦、混凝土瓦、金属瓦、木瓦、石板瓦、竹瓦、瓦的下面必须另设柔性防水层。因有固定瓦钉穿过防水层，要求防水层有握钉能力，防止雨水沿钉渗入望板。最合适的卷材是4mm厚高聚物改性沥青卷材，高分子卷材和涂料都不适宜。

Tile for sloping roofing. Clay tiles, asphalt felt tiles, concrete tiles, metal tiles, wooden tiles, slate tiles, bamboo tiles, tiles must be separately installed under the flexible waterproof layer. Because of the fixed tile nail passing through the waterproof layer, the waterproof layer is required to have the ability to hold the nail to prevent rain from infiltrating the Watchboard along the nail. The most suitable coil material is 4mm thick polymer modified asphalt coil, polymer coil and paint are not suitable.

振动较大的屋面，如近铁路、地震区、厂房内有天车锻锤，大跨度轻型屋架。振动较大，砂浆基层极易裂缝，满粘的卷材被拉断。应选用高延伸率和

Large vibration roof, such as near the railway, earthquake area, factory building crane forging hammer, large-span light roof truss. Vibration is large, mortar base is easy to crack, and full sticky coil is broken. High elongation and high elongation should be used.