The construction of self waterproof concrete structure
1 防水混凝土的材料及配比水泥品种应按设计要求选用，其强度等级不应低于32.5级。粗骨料的自然级配适宜，粒径宜为5~40mm，含泥量不得大于1％。防水混凝土的配合比要求：试配要求的抗渗强度比设计值提高0.2MPa；水泥用量不低于300kg/m3，掺有活性掺合料时不少于280kg/m3；砂率宜为35%～45%，水灰比不大于0.55；坍落度不宜大于50mm。
1 waterproof concrete material and ratio of cement varieties should be chosen according to design requirements, the strength grade should not be less than 32.5. The natural coarse aggregate gradation is suitable, the particle size should be 5~40mm, mud content not greater than 1%. With the waterproof concrete ratio requirements: test with anti permeability strength higher than the design value 0.2MPa requirements; the amount of cement is not less than 300kg/m3, with active admixture is not less than 280kg/m3; the sand ratio should be 35% ~ 45%, the water cement ratio is less than 0.55; the slump is not greater than 50mm.
2 施工要点
The 2 key points of construction
⑴ 防水混凝土工程的模板应平整、拼缝严密不漏浆。一般不宜用螺栓或铁丝贯穿混凝土墙固定模板，当需用螺栓贯穿混凝土墙固定模板时，应采取止水措施。如采用工具式螺栓,螺栓中间加焊止水钢板,螺栓两端设垫木等。① 工具式螺栓做法：用工具式螺栓将防水螺栓固定并拉紧，拆模时，将工具式螺栓拆下，再以嵌缝材料及聚合物水泥砂浆将螺栓凹槽封堵严密。工具式螺栓做法：
The waterproof concrete formwork should be smooth, patchwork tight without leakage. General should not use bolts or wire through concrete wall fixed template, when using bolt through concrete wall fixed template, should take measures to stop water. Such as the use of tool type bolt, bolt middle welding sealing plate, bolts are arranged such as dunnage. The tool type bolt approaches: tool type bolt bolt and tighten the waterproof, Chaimo, tool type bolts removed, then the mortar caulking material and polymer cement bolt tight sealing groove. The tool type bolt approach:
[图片33.jpg] ② 螺栓加堵头做法：在结构两边螺栓周围做凹槽，拆模后将螺栓平凹槽底割去，再用膨胀水泥砂浆将凹槽封堵。地下室墙体采用工具式螺栓： [图片34.jpg] ③ 预埋套管加焊止水环做法：对拉螺栓外加设套管，套管兼具撑头作用，套管两端设垫木。拆模后将螺栓抽出，套管内以膨胀水泥砂浆封堵密实，垫木留下的凹坑用同样方法封实。预埋套管支撑示意图： [图片35.jpg] ⑵ 为防止钢筋的引水作用，迎水面的钢筋保护层不得小于50mm，底板钢筋不得接触混凝土垫层，不能用铁钉或铅丝将钢筋固定在模板上，严禁用钢筋充当保护层垫块，以防止水沿钢筋渗入。
[picture 33.jpg] the plug bolt with practice: do grooves in the surrounding structures on both sides of the bolt, after stripping Luo Shuanping cut off the bottom of the groove, reoccupy expansion cement mortar sealing groove. The basement wall by tool type bolt: [picture 34.jpg] the pre buried sleeve welding sealing ring approach: let the bolt sleeve and sleeve, both hold head, both ends of the sleeve design wood pad. After stripping out the bolt, the casing with expansive cement mortar sealing pad dense wood left in the same way sealed pits. Support the pre buried sleeve sketch: [picture 35.jpg], in order to prevent the diversion of steel, reinforced protective layer of water face of not less than 50mm, should not be allowed to touch the floor steel reinforced concrete cushion, can not be fixed in the template with a nail or wire, it is strictly prohibited to use as reinforced protective cushion block, to prevent water infiltration along the bar.
⑶ 防水混凝土浇筑前无泌水、离析现象，自由倾落高度不大于1.5m。
The waterproof concrete before casting, no bleeding, segregation, free fall height of not more than 1.5m.
⑷ 防水混凝土应采用机械振捣，并保证振捣密实。
The waterproof concrete should be used in mechanical vibration, and ensure vibration compacting.
⑸ 连续浇筑混凝土每500m3应留置1组（6个）抗渗试件，且每项工程不少于2组。
The continuous concrete should be retained for 1 500m3 each group (6) impermeability specimen, and each project is not less than 2 group.
⑹ 防水混凝土应自然养护，养护时间不少于14天。
It should be waterproof concrete curing, the curing time is not less than 14 days.
3 防水构造处理
3 waterproofing treatment
⑴ 施工缝
The construction joint
施工缝是防水薄弱部位，施工中应不留或少留。底板混凝土应连续浇筑，墙体不得留设垂直施工缝。墙体水平施工缝不应留在剪力与弯矩最大处或底板与墙体交接处，最低水平施工缝距底板面不少于200mm，距穿墙孔洞边缘不少于300mm。施工缝的接缝形式: [图片36.jpg] ⑵ 穿墙管处理
Waterproof construction joints is the weak parts should be no or little construction. Concrete should be continuous casting, the wall shall not leave a vertical construction joint. Do not stay at the maximum shear force and bending moment or the floor and walls of the junction seam wall construction, the lowest level of construction joints from the bottom surface of not less than 200mm away from the edge of the hole wall is not less than 300mm. Joint construction joints: [picture 36.jpg] the wall pipe processing
给排水、供暖和电缆管道穿过地下室外墙，应做好防水处理，否则极易沿管根部发生渗水。为保证防水施工和管道的安装方便，管道位置应离开内墙角或凸出部位25cm，管与管之间间距应大于30cm。直埋式适于管径＜5cm的穿墙管: [图片37.jpg] 套管式适于管径＞5cm的穿墙: [图片38.jpg] 穿墙盒式适于多根穿墙管集中时: [图片39.jpg] 混凝土浇筑时不得撞击、振捣预埋穿墙管，墙外回填土时不得冲压、夯撞伸出墙外的穿墙管，以免防水措施受冲撞而漏水。
Water supply and drainage, heating pipelines and cables through the basement walls, waterproof should be done, otherwise easily along the root water. In order to ensure the waterproof construction and installation is convenient, the pipeline location should leave in the corner or protruding parts of 25cm tube and tube spacing should be greater than 30cm. Buried for diameter < 5cm wall pipe: 37.jpg] pipe diameter for [picture > 5cm wall: [picture 38.jpg] wall box wall pipe suitable for a plurality of focus: [picture 39.jpg] concrete pouring and vibrating impact shall be embedded in the wall pipe, the wall backfill shall be punched, hit the wall out ram the wall pipe, so as to avoid the impact Water Leakage waterproof measures.
⑶ 预埋件
The embedded parts
地下室内壁或底板上预埋铁件用吊件或专用工具固定，防止水沿铁件渗入室内。预埋铁件受力较大，为防止扰动周围混凝土、破坏防水层，预埋件端至墙外表面厚度不得小于25cm，达不到25cm应局部加厚。地下室底板上预埋螺栓: [图片40.jpg] ⑷ 变形缝止水带目前较多采用的是埋入式橡胶（塑料）止水带。埋入式橡胶（塑料）止水带: [图片41.jpg] 可卸式橡胶止水带变形缝 : [图片42.jpg] 粘贴式氯丁橡胶板止水带变形缝: [图片43.jpg] ⑸ 后浇带
The basement wall or floor embedded iron hanging piece for fixed or special tools, to prevent water along the iron into the room. Buried iron piece of a larger force to prevent the disturbance of the surrounding concrete, destroy the waterproof layer, embedded end to the outer surface of a wall thickness not less than 25cm, up to 25cm local thickening. The basement floor pre buried bolt: [picture 40.jpg] the deformation joint water stop at present more use of the embedded type rubber waterstop (plastic). Embedded type rubber (plastic) strip: [picture 41.jpg] removable rubber zhishuidai deformation joint: [picture 42.jpg] adhesive type chloroprene rubber waterstop plate deformation joint: [picture 43.jpg] of the pouring belt
后浇带1处防水层不断开，加设附加层并外贴止水带: [图片44.jpg] 后浇带2局部加厚垫层并附加钢筋，沉降差可使垫层产生斜坡，而不会撕裂防水层: [图片45.jpg] 后浇带3处可将底板局部加厚，并设止水带。由于底板加厚一般不超过25cm，不宜设置中埋止水带，宜用外贴式止水带: [图片46.jpg] 二、防水砂浆刚性防水层施工
After pouring 1 waterproof layer continuously, adding an additional layer and external water stop: [picture 44.jpg] after pouring 2 local thickening cushion and additional reinforcement, the differential settlement can make the cushion produce slope, without tearing the waterproof layer: [picture 45.jpg] after pouring 3 floor can be locally thickened, and waterstop. Because the bottom thickening is generally not more than 25cm, should not be set in the buried water stop, should be used with type waterstop: [picture 46.jpg] two, waterproof mortar rigid waterproof layer construction
刚性防水层适用于地下砖石结构的防水层或防水混凝土结构的加强层。其抵抗变形的能力较差，当结构受较强烈振动荷载或受腐蚀、高温及反复冻融的部位不宜采用。
Rigid waterproof layer for underground masonry or waterproof layer of waterproof concrete structure reinforcing layer. Its ability to resist deformation when the structure is poor, strong corrosion, high temperature or vibration load by freezing and thawing parts should not be used.
1 基层处理
1 primary treatment
刚性防水层的基层处理十分重要，基层处理包括清理、浇水、刷洗、补平，使基层表面保持潮湿、清洁、平整、坚实、粗糙。超过1cm的棱角及凹凸不平处，应剔成慢坡形，并浇水清洗干净，用素灰和水泥砂浆分层找平。混凝土基层凹凸不平的处理： [图片47.jpg] 混凝土表面的蜂窝孔洞，应先将松散不牢的石子除掉，并浇水清洗干净，用素灰和水泥砂浆交替抹到与基层面相平。混凝土基层蜂窝孔洞的处理： [图片48.jpg] 对于石灰砂浆或水泥混合砂浆砌的砌体，应将缝剔深1cm，缝内呈直角。砖砌体的剔缝： [图片4
Rigid waterproof layer base treatment is very important, the base includes cleaning, watering, washing, filling, the surface is kept moist, clean, smooth, solid, rough. Over the edges and irregularities of 1cm, should tick into slow slope shape, and water clean, the use of plain ash and cement mortar leveling layer. Treatment of uneven concrete base: honeycomb hole on the surface of concrete pictures 47.jpg], should first remove loose loose stones, and water clean, the use of plain ash and cement mortar with alternating and base plane. Treatment of honeycomb hole concrete base: [picture 48.jpg] for lime mortar or cement mixed mortar masonry masonry joints should be deep seam within the tick 1cm, right angle. Brick tick seams: [picture 4